Where might I find documentation for the {quote f} part of the exec command and any other replacement values that can be used here? For example, I am interested in getting the destination path without the filename.
I think you mean {folder} which will give you the folder path of {f}. The quote(String...) helper function is particularly useful for --def exec expressions to quote argument values.
All the custom format expression documentation applies just the same, except that you'll be generating a command instead of a file path: https://www.filebot.net/naming.html
You can use the GUI Format Editor to prototype --def exec expressions.